Looking for the best camera stabilizers to take your videography to the next level? We’ve got you covered! Whether you’re a professional filmmaker or an aspiring content creator, having a reliable camera stabilizer is essential for capturing smooth and steady footage. In this article, we’ll explore the top camera stabilizers on the market, providing you with all the information you need to make an informed decision. Say goodbye to shaky videos and hello to stunningly stable shots with our handpicked selection of the best camera stabilizers available today.
Get stable and professional-looking footage with this Zeadio Stabilizer. Perfect for DSLR cameras and camcorders.
- Provides excellent stability for handheld shots
- Includes a hot-shoe mount for accessories
- Lightweight and easy to use
- Limited compatibility with certain camera models
- Can be slightly bulky for travel purposes
- May not be suitable for heavy-duty use
Upgrade your videography game with the versatile Fantaseal Stabilizer Kit. Compatible with various cameras and phones.
- Allows for multiple accessory attachments
- C-shaped design provides added stability
- Easy to assemble and adjust according to your needs
- Some users may find the phone mount less secure than expected
- The included bubble level may not always be accurate
- Not ideal for heavy cameras or equipment
Capture smooth footage in any situation with the Hohem iSteady MT2 Camera Stabilizer, featuring advanced tracking capabilities.
- Intelligent AI tracking feature keeps your subject in focus
- Magnetic fill light enhances low-light shooting conditions
- Vertical shooting mode for versatile framing options
- Can be challenging to balance heavier cameras on the stabilizer
- The fill light may not be powerful enough for certain situations
- The control interface could be more user-friendly
How We Tested?
Why Best Camera Stabilizers are Necessary?
Capturing smooth and steady footage is essential for any filmmaker or content creator. Whether you are shooting a documentary, vlog, or a short film, having a stable camera is crucial to ensure professional-looking results. This is where the best camera stabilizers come into play.
Achieve Professional-Quality Footage
Camera stabilizers help eliminate shaky footage caused by hand movements or vibrations. By providing stability and balance, they allow you to capture smooth and professional-quality shots. Whether you’re shooting while walking or in challenging environments, a camera stabilizer ensures that your footage remains steady and shake-free.
Enhance Creative Possibilities
With a camera stabilizer, you have the freedom to explore various creative techniques. These stabilizers enable you to achieve fluid movements such as pans, tilts, and tracking shots effortlessly. They also offer features like 360-degree rotation and adjustable angles, allowing you to experiment with different perspectives and create dynamic visuals.
Expand Shooting Options
The best camera stabilizers open up new possibilities for shooting in challenging situations or environments. Whether it’s capturing action-packed scenes, filming from moving vehicles, or shooting in low light conditions, a stabilizer allows you to maintain stability and control over your camera regardless of the circumstances.
Increase Production Value
Using a camera stabilizer not only improves the quality of your footage but also enhances the overall production value of your content. Smooth and stabilized shots give your videos a more polished and professional look. This can significantly impact how your audience perceives your work and can help elevate it above competitors who may not be utilizing stabilization equipment.
Save Time in Post-Production
Investing in the best camera stabilizer can save you valuable time during post-production. By capturing stable footage directly from the start, you’ll minimize the need for extensive stabilization corrections in editing software. This means less time spent on fixing shaky shots and more time focusing on other aspects of your creative process.
In conclusion, incorporating the best camera stabilizers into your filmmaking or content creation toolkit is essential for achieving smooth and professional-looking footage. Not only do they enhance the quality of your shots, but they also provide a range of creative possibilities and expand your shooting options. By investing in a camera stabilizer, you can elevate the production value of your work and save time during post-production.
Our Top Picks
1. DJI Ronin-SC Camera Stabilizer, 3-Axis Handheld Gimbal for DSLR and Mirrorless Cameras
Experience professional-grade stabilization with the DJI Ronin-SC Gimbal. Lightweight and designed for smooth cinematic filming.
Product Features:
- Lightweight and Compact – Opening possibilities for filmmakers and content creators in almost any situation, Ronin-SC was built to go anywhere.
- Tracks the Action – The Ronin app, and Ronin-SC work together seamlessly to achieve smooth, precise gimbal movement at all times, allowing you to focus more on creating the shot that matches your vision.
- Dynamic Stability – Even in action-packed scenes, Ronin-SC gives a perfectly stable shot. Continuous stabilization makes Ronin-SC more effective in fast follows, sudden motions, and even complete changes in direction.
- Automated Features – Ronin-SC offers a suite of advanced capturing features to unleash your imagination.
- Easy to Handle – The buttons and trigger are easy to reach for every essential control. A flared battery grip makes extended holding easier and slip-resistant, letting you capture moments throughout the day.
- Compatible with Most Cameras – DJI Ronin App requires iOS 11.0, Android 7.0 or above. Compatible devices include: Canon: EOS M50, M6 Mark II, R, RP; Fujifilm: X-E3, X-H1, X-T2, X-T20, X-T3, X-T30; Nikon: Z50, Z6, Z7; Panasonic: G9, G95, GH3, GH4, GH5, GH5S;Sony: A6000, A6100, A6300, A6400, A6500, A6600, A7, A7M2, A7M3, A7R2, A7R3, A7R4, A7S, A7S2, A9, Rx10 III, Rx10 IV, RX100 V, Rx100 VI, Rx100 VII.
- DJI Ronin App requires iOS 9.0, Android 5.0 or above Compatible devices include: iPhone 11 Pro Max, 11 Pro, 11, XS Max, XS, XR, X, 8 Plus, 8, 7 Plus, 7, 6s Plus, 6s, 6 Plus, 6, SE, iPad Mini 4, iPad Pro, Samsung Galaxy S10 Plus, S10, S9 Plus, S9 , S9 Plus, S9, S8 Plus, S7, Note8, Note9, S5, S6 edge, A9, Google Nexus 6P, Huawei P30 Pro, P30, P20 Pro, P10, P9, Mate 20, Mate10, Mate 9 Pro, Nova 3e, MT7-TL00, Honor V10, Magic 2, Vivo X21A, X27, NEXS, Oppo Find X, R15, R11, Xiaomi 8, Xiaomi Max2, Xiaomi Max3, Xiaomi MIX3, Xiaomi MIX2S, LG V20.
- Supports a wide range of DSLR and mirrorless camera models
- Lightweight design allows for easy transport and maneuverability
- Smooth and precise stabilization even during dynamic movements
- The battery life may not be sufficient for extended shooting sessions
- Some users may find the initial setup process time-consuming
- Limited payload capacity compared to other models
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | DJI |
| Manufacturer | DJI |
| Color | Black |
| Item Dimensions | (Height: 2.953 Inches, Length: 8.661 inches, Weight: 2.43 Pounds, Width: 8.661 Inches) |
2. hohem iSteady MT2 Kit Gimbal Stabilizer for Camera, 3-Axis Gimbal for Mirrorless/Pocket Camera/Action Camera/Smartphone
Versatile and compact, the Hohem iSteady MT2 Gimbal Stabilizer delivers steady footage across different camera types.
Product Features:
- [Exclusive AI Tracker-Smart Tracking Master] The newest hohem iSteady MT2 Kit Camera Gimbal is equipped with an AI tracker that will revolutionize your filming experience. This AI tracker will intelligently follow your movements and keeps you perfectly centered in the frame. With simple gestures, you can easily control tracking modes, and customize composition. Whether you’re a content creator or vlogger, this camera gimbal is your ultimate companion for capturing professional-grade footage.
- [NEW Quick Install System Multi 4.0] With Multi 4.0 quick installation system, simply remove the camera with the L-bracket, rotate it 90°, and attach it to the 3-axis gimbal to switch between landscape and portrait. Just takes 3S, only hohem so fast! The quick-release plate strictly adheres to the ARCA standard, guaranteeing compatibility and versatility. There are multiple expansion ports on the outside of the stabilizer, so you can add other equipment as you see fit and shoot creatively.
- [iSteady 7.0 Anti-shake & Lightweight] Say goodbye to shaky, blurry shots and embrace the next level of image stabilization. With its upgraded iSteady 7.0 anti-shake algorithm, you can now enjoy a remarkable 30% increase in stability, resulting in unbelievably smooth and seamless footage. The iSteady MT2 gimbal stabilizer for camera weighs only 1.44lb, making it a great choice for shooting on the go, without taking up space in your backpack or burdening your joints with long handheld shots.
- [All-in-One, Not Limited by Devices] Whether you have a mirrorless, pocket camera, action camera, or smartphone, the all-in-one gimbal stabilizer has got you covered. Don’t let equipment restrictions hold you back. This gimbal total load capacity of up to 2.64lb. It supports equipment with a maximum size of 5.27 inches in width, 3.96 inches in height, and a combined camera thickness plus lens length of 6.94 inches. Upgrade your gimbal today and unlock a new level of convenience and flexibility.
- [Long-lasting & Vertical Shot Master] This gimbal stabilizer for camera can reach 17 hours of ultra-long life, to meet the needs of a day out shooting. Thanks to reverse charging capabilities, it will become your phone power bank. The gimbal’s flexibility extends to vertical shooting. For cameras equipped with a flip screen, such as the Sony ZV-E10, taking selfies with a vertical screen is now effortless. Capture stunning self-portraits, vlogs, or engaging content in vertical mode.
- AI tracking feature ensures your subject stays in focus at all times
- Compatible with various camera types including smartphones and action cameras
- Compact size makes it ideal for travel or on-the-go shooting
- May struggle with heavy load capacities or larger cameras
- Some users report occasional calibration issues during operation
- The fill light function can drain the battery faster
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | hohem |
| Manufacturer | hohem Technology Co., LTD. |
| Color | Black |
| Item Dimensions | (Height: 4.13 Inches, Length: 12.2 Inches, Weight: 1.44 Pounds, Width: 8.85 Inches) |
| Size | 7.08 x 3.14 x 1.5 inches |
3. Neewer Camera Video Cage Film Movie Making Kit, Aluminum Alloy with Top Handle, Dual Hand Grip
Bring your filmmaking to the next level with the Neewer Camera Video Cage Kit. Durable and versatile for professional results.
Product Features:
- 【Wide Compatibility】 This NEEWER universal camera cage is widely compatible with Canon 5D Mark II 5D Mark III 600D 700D Nikon 7200D Sony Fujifilm Pentax and other DSLR cameras and camcorders, ideal for photography enthusiasts, professional photographers, and filmmakers
- 【Complete Accessories】 The camera cage has ergonomic dual handgrips for stable shootings. The silicone top handle can attach to the camera cage for taking low-angle shots. And the integrated dual-rod base with two rods 15mm in diameter and a 60mm rod rail gauge can let you adjust the camera positions and mount accessories like a follow focus, a hood, and a lens support
- 【Convenient Mounting】 The camera cage features a built-in 1/4” thumbscrew that allows you to mount and dismount your camera quickly without tools. The silicone padding stabilizes your camera from wobbling and protects it from scratches
- 【Multiple Mounting Points】 Multiple 1/4” and 3/8” threaded holes on the top of the cage allow for mounting several photographic accessories, including articulating arms, cold shoe mounts, field monitor mounts, and more
- 【High-Quality Material】 With aircraft-grade aluminum alloy material, high-precision CNC machining, and an anodized finish, the camera cage is strong and durable
- High-quality aluminum alloy construction for long-lasting durability
- Multiple mounting options for accessories and customization
- Provides a comfortable grip for handheld shooting
- The cage may obstruct access to certain camera controls
- Some users find the dual hand grip design less ergonomically friendly
- Limited compatibility with specific camera models
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | Neewer |
| Manufacturer | Neewer |
| Color | Blue |
| Item Dimensions | (Height: 3.94 Inches, Length: 11.02 Inches, Weight: 0.625 Pounds, Width: 8.27 Inches) |
4. DJI RS 3 Mini, 3-Axis Mirrorless Gimbal Lightweight Stabilizer
Achieve smooth and cinematic footage with the DJI RS 3 Mini Gimbal Stabilizer. Designed for mirrorless cameras.
Product Features:
- 795g (1.75lbs) Lightweight and Portable – RS 3 Mini is an ultra-compact camera stabilizer convenient for travel. Weighing only 795g (1.75 lbs), RS Mini 3 is easy to hold for extended shooting.
- Wide-Ranging Compatibility – With strong, high-torque motors, the RS 3 Mini camera stabilizer possesses a load capacity of up to 2 kg (4.4 lbs), enabling a wide range of camera and lens combinations.
- Bluetooth Shutter Control – Your camera automatically reconnects after the initial pairing. Easily control photo capture and video recording via the gimbal.
- 3rd-Gen RS Stabilization Algorithm – Get pro-level image stabilization while shooting low-angle shots or filming in flashlight mode.
- Native Vertical Shooting – Conveniently shoot content for social media, just mount the quick-release plate to the vertical arm, and you’re set.
- 1.4″ Full-Color Touchscreen – The compact camera gimbal features a 1.4-inch full-color touchscreen displaying a new, intuitive UI design. Access frequently used settings at your fingertips.
- Lightweight and compact design for easy portability
- Tested payload capacity of up to 4.4 lbs (2 kg) 3 Bluetooth shutter control for convenient remote operation
- May not be suitable for heavier camera setups or lenses 2 The included software app could be more intuitive to use 3 Native vertical shooting mode may have limited functionality
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | DJI |
| Manufacturer | DJI |
| Color | black |
| Item Dimensions | (Height: 11.024 Inches, Length: 19.685 Inches, Weight: 2.183 Pounds, Width: 19.685 Inches) |
5. Neewer Video Camera Cage Rig with Arca Type Base, Dual Grips, 3/8″ ARRI Locating & 1/4″ Threads
Enhance your video production capabilities with the Neewer Video Camera Cage Rig, offering versatile mounting options.
Product Features:
- 【More Cameras Compatible】 Compatible with Sony Alpha 7C Alpha 7 III Alpha 7R IV Alpha 9 II Alpha 6600 Canon EOS R6 R5C R5 R3 90D Nikon Z9 Z7 Z7II Z6 Z6II Fujifilm X T4 Blackmagic 4K 6K and other DSLR DSLM cameras. Note: this camera cage is not suitable for a lens with a tripod collar mount ring, so be sure to remove it before use
- 【Diverse Mounting Options】 Numerous 1/4″ and 3/8″ female threads, cold shoes, and ARRI locating holes on the top and bottom for enhanced compatibility. A top handle (CA007), magic arm, microphone, field monitor, cold shoe mount adapter, LED video light, RGB light, and other accessories (all NOT included) can be attached to further build your camera rig
- 【Precise & Easy Access】 The featured slim Arca type plate base, unlike the dual rod system, leaves wider space for wire routing and camera adjustment, while the CNC precision machining for accurate alignment and full access to the buttons, ports, and functions of the camera without taking the cage off. At only 22.9oz/650g, the lightweight yet sturdy aluminum body supports devices up to 33lb/15kg
- 【Flexible Camera Mounting】 The direct mount system with a 1/4″ screw and 1/4″ countersink slot provides a quick, convenient, and tool free camera installation, with a flat screwdriver magnetically stored under the cage for easy tension adjustment. The nonslip soft silicone pad adds friction and prevents your camera from wobbling or scratches
- 【Dual Grips & Tripod Mounted】 The two ergonomic handgrips with synthetic leather texture and finger contours offer you a comfortable and firm grip on the cage for handheld shooting, or directly it on the tripod head via the 1/4″ screw holes on the bottom, for seamless switching between handheld and tripod shooting, thanks to its Arca type base
- Arca type baseplate allows for quick and secure camera attachment/detachment
- Dual grips provide increased stability and handling comfort 3 Cold shoe mounts and multiple threads offer ample accessory compatibility
1 May require additional accessories or adapters for full functionality
- Some users may find the rig slightly heavy for extended use
- The assembly process may require some time and effort
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | Neewer |
| Manufacturer | NEEWER |
| Color | Black |
| Item Dimensions | (Weight: 1.868 Pounds) |
6. FeiyuTech SCORP-C Camera Stabilizer Gimbal for DSLR and Mirrorless Camera
Experience smooth and steady footage with the FeiyuTech SCORP-C Gimbal Stabilizer, designed for DSLR and mirrorless cameras.
Product Features:
- FeiyuTech SCORP-C F2C comatible with mainstream mirrorless and DSLR camera & lens combos. Like SONY α7Ⅳ/a9/a9II/a7R4/a7R3/a7M3/a7M2/a7M3/a7S/a6600//a6500/a6400/a6300/a6100.Panasonic GH5S/GH4/G9/S5. Canon 5D3/5D4/5DS R/6D/6D2/80D/90D/M50,M6 Mark, Nikon D750/Z5/Z6/Z6 II/Z7/Z50. Fujifilm X-T3/X-T4/ X-T30.
- 【INNOVATIVE DESIGN】 Integrated hanging handle：Whether shooting upright or underslung, get complete control of the lens from whichever angle you are filming Tilted handle holding：Extremely comfortable to hold thanks to beveled edges; smooth rounded ergonomics to perfectly fit your hand Set it down anywhere：No tripod required, the gimbal is complete with an integral folding aileron bracket
- 【CONSIDERATE DESIGN】Easier installation and leveling 1:Three-axis motor lock,without unwanted movement 2:Five-way center of gravity adjustment 3:Center of gravity memory slider 4: Arca Quick Release Plate
- 【POWERFUL KEY, EASILY SWITCH & 2500mah Efficient Battery】Switch to the new professional mode to unlock even more features. 10-13 Hour maximum runtime with fast charging support 18W fast charging enables an extra 30 minutes runtime in just 5 minutes
- 【COMPLEXSHOTS,EASILY ACHIEVED】 1:AB Trajectory Memory :Memorize trajectory position, one key to achieve the set movement. 2:Flash Mode :Three-Axis fast follow, easily capture any movement. 3:Panoramic Photography,Time-lapse Photography,Space Mode (Three-Axis Follow),Vertical-shooting Mode
- High payload capacity of up to 5.5 lbs (2.5 kg)
- Compatible with a wide range of camera models from different brands
- Offers advanced stabilization features for professional-quality shots
- The gimbal’s size and weight may not be ideal for travel or lightweight setups
- Some users report occasional calibration issues when using heavier cameras/lenses 3 The user interface could benefit from more intuitive controls
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | FeiyuTech |
| Manufacturer | FeiyuTech SCORP-C |
| Color | Black |
| Item Dimensions | (Height: 110.551 Inches, Length: 104.803 Inches, Weight: 2.646 Pounds, Width: 28.071 Inches) |
7. Zhiyun Crane M2S Camera Gimbal Stabilizer Handheld 3-Axis Video Stabilizer
Capture smooth and dynamic footage with the Zhiyun Crane M2S Camera Gimbal Stabilizer – perfect for lightweight mirrorless cameras.
Product Features:
- 🏆🏆【Small size. Strong Power】Small and portable as a phone gimbal, CRANE-M2S is super light yet strong enough to hold various cameras, like your phones, actioncams and mirrorless cameras. The 549g super lightweight body, combined with stronger motors and extended axes, makes it a must-have for run-and-gun filmmakers.
- 🏆🏆【Feel Just Right in Hand】Handy and intuitive, the ergonomic product design guarantees a comfortable user experience. The built-in 0.66-inch display screen gets you well informed of the status and parameters of your camera and gimbal.
- 🏆🏆【Extra Bright in Tiny Light】The integrated fill light adopts outstanding Lumen Amplifier technology to offer 1000 lumens of brightness in a 2.8c㎡ light source. The adjustable 5-level light and 4-color filters give you unlimited possibilities of creation in various filmmaking environments. CRI: 90+ Color Temperature Level: 5500K
- 🏆🏆【Next-level Quick Release】CRANE-M2S comes with the newest quick release plate that’s only seen on Zhi yun flagship gimbals. It features V-shape design and dual safety locks which ensure utmost safety and efficiency. You could also choose to upgrade to a universal balance-free quick realease plate for run-and-gun scenarios.
- 🏆🏆【Ready For Action】The USB Type-C supports 5V 1A power supply to the camera and shutter control thru cables (for compatible camera systems). Supports PD Fast Charge protocol. Charging time can be minimized to 1hr 41min. Runtime up to 10hrs.
1 Compact and portable design for easy transportation 2 Supports various shooting modes for creative versatility 3 Easy setup and operation with user-friendly controls
1 May have limited payload capacity compared to larger gimbals 2 The battery life may not be sufficient for extended shooting sessions 3 Some users report occasional balancing issues during initial setup
| Product Info | |
|---|---|
| Brand | zhi yun |
| Manufacturer | zhi yun |
| Color | Black |
| Item Dimensions | (Height: 3.976 Inches, Length: 11.378 Inches, Weight: 1.213 pounds, Width: 8.189 Inches) |
Buying Guide: Choosing the Best Camera Stabilizers
When it comes to capturing professional-quality footage, a camera stabilizer is an essential tool for any videographer or filmmaker. Whether you’re shooting a documentary, vlogging, or capturing action-packed scenes, a camera stabilizer helps eliminate shaky footage and ensures smooth and stable shots. However, with so many options available in the market, choosing the right camera stabilizer can be overwhelming. To help you make an informed decision, here are some key factors to consider:
1. Stabilization Type
Camera stabilizers come in various types such as handheld gimbals, shoulder rigs, tripods with stabilizing arms, and more. Each type offers different benefits depending on your shooting style and requirements. Handheld gimbals provide excellent stability while allowing flexibility for dynamic shots and swift movements. Shoulder rigs distribute the weight of the camera across your body for added comfort during longer shoots. Tripods with stabilizing arms offer stability without compromising mobility.
2. Payload Capacity
Consider the weight of your camera setup when choosing a stabilizer. Different stabilizers have varying payload capacities that determine how much weight they can support. Ensure that the stabilizer you choose can handle the weight of your camera along with any additional accessories like lenses or microphones.
3. Versatility and Adjustability
Look for a camera stabilizer that offers versatility and adjustability to accommodate various shooting scenarios. Adjustable features such as height, length, angle adjustments, and interchangeable counterweights allow you to customize the stabilization according to your specific needs.
4. Ease of Use
A user-friendly camera stabilizer will save you time during setup and operation. Look for features like quick-release systems, intuitive controls, and easy balancing mechanisms that simplify the process of mounting your camera onto the stabilizer.
5. Build Quality and Durability
Investing in a well-built and durable camera stabilizer ensures its longevity and reliable performance. Look for stabilizers made from high-quality materials like aluminum or carbon fiber, which offer a good balance between sturdiness and lightweight design.
6. Battery Life
If you opt for an electronic camera stabilizer, battery life is an important consideration. Ensure that the stabilizer’s battery can last through your desired shooting duration to prevent interruptions during your filming sessions.
7. Customer Reviews and Recommendations
Before making a purchase, it’s always helpful to read customer reviews and seek recommendations from trusted sources. Real-world experiences from other users can provide insights into the performance, reliability, and overall value of a specific camera stabilizer.
By considering these factors when choosing a camera stabilizer, you can find the best option to suit your needs and preferences. Remember, the right camera stabilizer will not only enhance the quality of your footage but also make your filming experience more enjoyable and professional.
FAQs
What are the top camera stabilizers available in the market?
The best camera stabilizers offer smooth footage and improved stability during video recording. Some popular options include the DJI Ronin-S, Zhiyun Crane 3S, and FeiyuTech AK2000C. These stabilizers can greatly enhance the quality of your videos by minimizing shakes and vibrations.
How do camera stabilizers help improve video quality?
Camera stabilizers are designed to minimize shakes and vibrations while filming, resulting in smoother and more professional-looking videos. By providing stability, they ensure that your shots are crisp and clear, making your content more visually appealing to viewers.
Are camera stabilizers only suitable for professional videographers?
While camera stabilizers are popular among professional videographers, they can also be a valuable tool for amateur filmmakers, vloggers, or even casual users who want to elevate their video quality. With various models available at different price points, there’s a camera stabilizer for everyone’s needs.
Can I use a camera stabilizer with any type of camera?
Most camera stabilizers are designed to be compatible with a wide range of cameras, including DSLRs, mirrorless cameras, and even smartphones. However, it’s always recommended to check the specifications and weight capacity of the stabilizer to ensure it can support your specific camera model.
Are there any portable options for on-the-go videography?
Absolutely! There are several lightweight and portable camera stabilizers that are perfect for on-the-go videography. Whether you’re traveling or shooting in challenging environments, compact stabilizers like the DJI Osmo Mobile 3 or Zhiyun Smooth 4 offer convenience without compromising stabilization performance.
What features should I consider when choosing a camera stabilizer?
When selecting a camera stabilizer, it’s important to consider factors such as payload capacity, battery life, ease of use, and additional features like follow focus or motion tracking. By assessing your specific requirements and budget, you can find the best camera stabilizer that suits your needs.